The word "Abilene" means grassy plain. It came originally from the Bible, third chapter of Luke, the name of a Mid-East tetrarchy. When the town was established in 1881 it was named after the famous cattle shipping center Abilene, Kansas.
In 1878, Taylor County was formed from the Bexar (San Antonio) and Travis (Austin) land districts with Buffalo Gap being named the county seat. The county was named for the Edward, James and George Taylor, brothers who fought and died at the Alamo.